Error:
One or more field types are not installed properly. Go to the list settings page to delete these fields.

After much research, I have found that this error can be the result of a couple things.
1. Programmatically create a site column / content type and the process fails. The result is a broken column that you have to hunt down and remove from the content database.
2. Using a combination of Export-SP and Import-SPweb, an imported list or library will display the error.

In my case, #2 needed to be fixed. Basically, I had a lookup column that had become orphaned from its parent list.
When you look at the field settings (Library/List Settings –> click on your lookup column) you will see that the Get information from: property is empty.

So how do you reconnect or refresh the lookup field property?
Using PowerShell, the fields web ID and source list ID schemaXML need to be populated.

if ((Get-PSSnapin "Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) -eq $null)
{
Add-PSSnapin "Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell"
}
$web = Get-SPWeb "http://sharepoint.com/site/"
$list = $web.Lists["Broken LoopField List"]
$lookupList = $web.Lists["Loopup Source List"]

$fixColumn = $list.Fields["My Broken Lookup Field"]

#Change schema XML on the lookup column
$fixColumn.SchemaXml = $fixColumn.SchemaXml.Replace($fixColumn.LookupWebId.ToString(), $web.ID.ToString())
$fixColumn.SchemaXml = $fixColumn.SchemaXml.Replace($fixColumn.LookupList.ToString(), $lookupList.ID.ToString())
$fixColumn.Update()

What’s going on here?
Load the SharePoint snapin.
Get site that holds the broken list / library.
Get broken list / library.
Get source list / library that the broken lookup references.
Get broken field.
Update the broken field schemaXML.